Using the Cd Command to Move Up and Down in Linux Directories – Linux Commands Quick Tips
Moving “Down” in Linux Directories
The Linux cd command can be used with “spacebar directoryname” to move “down” into a directory below the current directory without having to type in the full path to a directory that is below the current directory.
Moving “Up” in Linux Directories
You can use “spacebar ..” to move up a directory (level) to go to the “parent” directory of the current directory.
Linux Commands Training Tips: You can use a ; (semicolon) between Linux commands to run more than one command on the same line. And the pwd command shows the fill path to your current directory.
Examples of Using the cd Command To Move Up and Down Directories
The Linux cd command below changes into the directory named man, below the path of /usr/share.
The ls command below uses the -d option to show the directory names (only) in the man directory and not the contents of the directories (which are subdirectories) of the man directory.
The filename “pattern” of man? used with the ls command below causes the output to show only the directories beginning with “man” and ending in any other single character (only), due to the single ? wildcard character.
These directories can be referred to as the manx directories, where x is a number from one to nine.
$ cd /usr/share/man ; ls -ld man?
To change into the man2 directory below the current directory, use “cd spacebar dirctoryname”, where the directoryname is a man2 directory.
$ cd man2 ; pwd
The full path to the man2 directory is: /usr/share/man/man2
Now, to easily change up one directory “level” use “spacebar ..”, instead of typing in cd and then the full path of /usr/share/man.
$ cd .. ; pwd
Now change into the man5 directory below the current directory.
$ cd man5 ; pwd
Now combine the two dots with a directory name (and use a slash between the two dots and the directory name) to go up one directory level and then down into the man7 directory!
$ cd ../man7 ; pwd
The Linux commands covered here apply to ALL Linux distros, including Red Hat, Ubuntu, openSUSE, SUSE, Debian, Fedora and Slackware Linux.
Uses of a Resource Directory
Almost all businesses sell something – products, services, and suchlike. A business can list its services or products in a directory so that potential buyers can find these services or products. This is a great platform for finding local listings for business-to-business buying and selling. For instance, software products can be listed as anti-virus software, accounting packages, special customer relationship management (CRM) packages, keyword research tools, and online traffic managers. One can find services as well that may relate to data entry, copy writing, and directory submissions. In other words, the directory can serve as an effective platform connecting service providers and service seekers.
For example, large businesses that seek affiliate marketers for their websites can find many potential affiliate marketers listed in a directory. It provides both the large businesses and the affiliate marketers to get the best possible deal.
Success Stories
A resource directory can include a section on success stories. This is beneficial to new businesses as well as to existing businesses. New businesses can derive inspiration from such stories, while existing businesses get some space to convey the world regarding the effectiveness of their services. It can be through the medium of blogs, books, videos, or audios.
New businesses can learn a lot from the experience of successful ventures. They can stop making the same mistakes that inexperienced people always tend to make. A directory can include useful tips and how-to articles as well. These articles provide valuable information on how to make the best out of utilities that are available free of cost.
Web Promotion Tools
Perhaps the most important feature of a resource directory is the listing of many webmaster and online marketing tools. Small business owners can find all the information they need to promote their websites. Not many small businesses can afford to hire high-profile SEO companies. Such businesses can use a resource directory to increase the visibility of the website.
It includes information on cost-effective SEO services and lists service providers who can help small businesses a great deal in securing a higher rank in search engine results. For example, you can find services that range from free web design tools and templates to affiliate marketing software. In short, a directory provides valuable help for small and medium online businesses.
Active Directory Ports and Protocols
If you are looking for a comprehensive list of all Active Directory ports and protocols, you are probably reading the right stuff! This article documents all that you need to know about the protocols and ports used by the Active Directory (AD) for AD authentication and AD replication.
Active Directory Protocols
AD replication process usually takes place between two or more domain controllers within the specific AD Domain or between the global catalog servers and the domain. The two major Active Directory protocols used in these processes include the SMTP (Simple mail Transfer Protocol) and the RPC (Remote Procedure Calls). The type of protocol used for the process depends entirely on the kind of data that needs to be replicated.
For instance, SMTP can be used for replication of Schema, Configuration, and Global Catalog data. However, replication of Domain Naming Context (DNC) data cannot take place using the SMTP. DNC data, therefore, requires RPC for its replication. Also, bear in mind that in case you wish to secure replication data across firewalls, you must have the plans for both SMTP and RPC data in place.
Active Directory Ports
Interestingly, AD replication has no defined port. Instead, the Remote Procedure Calls (RPC) actually occurs dynamically via the RPC Endpoint Mapper (RPCSS) using the available AD port – Port 135. The same is the case with the FRS (File Replication Services). Other significant Active Directory ports include TCP 139 (SMB), TCP 389 for LDAP, TCP 53 for DNS Download, TCP 42 for WINS, UDP 53 for DSN (DNS Queries), UDP 42- WINS, TCP 135 – MS-RPC, TCP 3389- RDP, TCP 1026 & 1025 for AD Login and Replication, TCP 445 for SMB, Microsoft-ds, TCP 639 for LDAP over SSL/TLS, UDP 88 for Kerberos v5, TCP 3268 (Global Catalog), UDP 137 & 138 for NetBIOS related, TCP 3268 for Global Catalog over SSL/TSL.
But, that is not all! There are several other ports that are used by the Active Directory for its authentication and replication processes. You can discuss all these ports and their functions on technical online forums that encourage discussion topics related to IT hardware and software. You can find many such forums online. You must just know which forum or portal is more reliable and informative. You can read several related articles, news, and latest updates on these portals. You can also post you doubts and get answers from others.